Introduction
Ear infections are a common health problem in cats, affecting an estimated 20-30% of the feline population [1]. Left untreated, ear infections can cause severe irritation, pain, and permanent damage to the ear canal and eardrum. There are two main types of feline ear infections: otitis externa, an infection of the outer ear canal, and otitis media/interna, an infection of the middle or inner ear. Both types require prompt veterinary attention and treatment with medication. This content brief will provide an overview of the causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for feline ear infections, including both prescription medications and over-the-counter remedies. Timely treatment of ear infections in cats is crucial to relieve discomfort and restore ear health.
Symptoms of Ear Infections in Cats
Cats with ear infections often exhibit several telltale signs and symptoms. The most common symptoms of an ear infection in cats include:
- Head shaking or head tilting – A cat may shake their head or tilt it to one side in an attempt to relieve discomfort in the ear.
- Scratching at ears – Persistent scratching or rubbing at the ears is a sign of irritation and discomfort.
- Redness or swelling – Inflammation inside the ear often leads to redness or swelling of the outer ear.
- Odor – Infected ears may produce a foul, yeasty odor.
- Discharge – Yellow, brown, or bloody discharge is common with an infected ear.
According to Tucson Vet, discharge resembling coffee grounds indicates a more serious infection. Additional symptoms may include hearing loss, lack of balance, and soreness when touching the ears.
Causes
Ear infections in cats are often caused by bacteria, yeast, ear mites, allergies, or foreign objects getting lodged in the ear canal (Source).
Bacteria and yeast are among the most common causes of infections. Moisture and debris trapped in the ear canal allow these microorganisms to multiply rapidly, leading to inflammation and infection. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and Proteus species are bacteria frequently isolated from cat ear infections.
Ear mites are highly contagious parasites that can spread between cats through close contact. The mites and their eggs and waste products irritate the skin and stimulate excessive wax production, causing inflammation and infection of the ear canal. Kittens and outdoor cats are particularly susceptible to ear mites (Source).
Allergies are another major cause of ear infections in cats. Allergies to foods, medications, environmental allergens like pollen or dust mites, or even allergies to plastic food bowls can all trigger inflammation and infection. The itching leads cats to scratch their ears and shake their heads, further irritating the sensitive ear canal skin.
Foreign objects like grass awns, seeds, hair, or bugs that get lodged in the ear canal are also common causes of infection. As the cat tries to get the object out, the ear canal becomes more inflamed and infected.
Risk Factors
Certain breeds, ages, allergies, and ear anatomy can increase a cat’s risk of developing an ear infection.
Breeds with flat faces like Persians and Himalayans are more prone to ear infections due to their ear anatomy. Their flat faces cause narrow ear canals that don’t allow for proper air circulation and drainage.1 Young kittens and senior cats also have a higher risk as their immune systems are not as strong.
Allergies are a very common risk factor for chronic or recurring ear infections in cats. Allergies to foods, flea bites, pollen, or other environmental allergens can cause inflammation and increased wax production in the ears. This provides an environment for bacteria and yeast to thrive.1
Certain ear anatomies, like extra hairy inner ears or narrow/twisted ear canals, also raise the risk for infections by reducing air flow and drainage.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing a cat ear infection typically involves a veterinary exam and diagnostic tests. The vet will start by performing an otoscopic exam of the ear canal. An otoscope is an instrument with a light and magnifying lens that allows the vet to examine the ear canal and eardrum. Using the otoscope, the vet will look for signs of inflammation, discharge, foreign objects, tumors, or other abnormalities.
The next step is to collect a sample of the discharge or debris from the ear canal for cytology. Cytology involves looking at the sample under a microscope to identify any infectious organisms present like bacteria, yeast, or mites. This helps determine the cause of the infection. The vet may also take a culture of the sample to identify which specific bacteria or yeast are involved so the most effective medication can be prescribed.
In some cases, the vet may recommend additional tests like a complete blood count, x-rays, or other imaging to check for underlying conditions that could predispose the cat to ear infections. However, an otoscopic exam and cytology are usually sufficient for diagnosing the majority of feline ear infections.
By thoroughly examining the ear canal and analyzing a sample under the microscope, vets are able to accurately diagnose the type and cause of a cat’s ear infection. This allows them to create an effective treatment plan to resolve the infection and return the cat’s ears to a healthy state.
OTC Treatment Options
Pet owners can find several over-the-counter treatment options for cat ear infections. These provide alternatives for clearing up mild infections without immediately needing a vet visit.
Ear cleaners help remove debris, dirt and wax buildup. Using a vet-recommended ear cleaner can help prevent infections from worsening and may resolve mild cases. It’s important to only use cleaners formulated for pet ears.
Antiseptic ear solutions can reduce bacteria and yeast in the ear canal. Common antiseptics for cats include acetic acid, chlorhexidine and Tris-EDTA. Applying antiseptic ear drops usually provides relief from itching, pain and inflammation.
Hydrocortisone or corticosteroid ear medications are effective at decreasing inflammation and swelling. However, they don’t treat the root cause of infection. Mild cases may be managed with short-term hydrocortisone, but more severe infections require additional medication.
Over-the-counter ear anti-inflammatories like ibuprofen and aspirin are sometimes recommended for cats. But these human drugs can be unsafe for cats, potentially causing digestive issues or toxicity. It’s best to consult a vet before using any human NSAIDs in pets.
Home Remedies
While there are no substitutes for veterinary treatment when it comes to curing cat ear infections, some home remedies may help provide relief from symptoms when used carefully under veterinary guidance. Some natural remedies cat owners have tried include:
Vinegar – Mixing a 50/50 solution of white vinegar and water can help gently clean and dry out the ear canal. Use a cotton ball dampened with the solution to gently wipe out visible debris. Do not use if the eardrum is ruptured. Vinegar’s acidic properties help restore normal pH and combat yeast and bacteria.
Coconut Oil – Has natural antibacterial, antifungal properties. Rub a small amount around the outer ear after cleaning to soothe inflammation. Do not insert into the ear canal.
Aloe Vera – The natural enzymes may help inhibit bacterial growth. Use aloe vera gel sparingly around the outer ear.
Lifestyle Changes
Making some lifestyle changes can help prevent ear infections in cats. Improving hygiene is key – regularly cleaning your cat’s ears can remove debris and wax buildup. Use a cotton ball dampened with an ear cleaner recommended by your vet. Never use cotton swabs, which can damage the ear canal. Create a routine, such as cleaning ears weekly.
Evaluate your cat’s diet. Food allergies may contribute to ear issues, so try an elimination diet or hypoallergenic food. Cats with food sensitivities may improve on grain-free, novel protein diets. Keep their food and water bowls clean to avoid bacteria. Increase water intake by feeding wet food or adding water to kibble.
Manage humidity levels at home. Moisture in the air can lead to yeast and bacterial growth in ears. Use a dehumidifier to keep humidity under 50%. Ensure good airflow and regular vacuuming. Limit bathtime and thoroughly dry ears afterwards.
Check for sources of irritation like cigarette smoke or environmental allergens. Reduce exposure to potential allergens and irritants. Keep litter boxes clean and limit dusty clay options. With vet guidance, try supplements like fish oil.
When to See a Vet
In most cases, minor ear infections in cats can be treated at home with remedies and medication from your veterinarian. However, it’s important to take your cat to the vet if the infection is severe, chronic, or not improving with home treatment.
You should take your cat to the vet immediately if you notice severe symptoms like:
- Loss of balance or trouble walking
- Head tilting or abnormal eye movements
- Bleeding or discharge from the ears
- Swelling around the ears
- Evidence of pain like crying or scratching at the ears
Chronic ear infections that keep recurring or never fully clear up also warrant a trip to the vet. Ear infections left untreated can lead to permanent damage of the ear canal or eardrum. According to https://www.vscot.com/site/blog/2021/04/15/ear-infection-cats, a chronic infection indicates there is an underlying cause that needs to be addressed.
You should also take your cat to the vet if symptoms don’t start improving within 5-7 days of home treatment. The infection may be resistant to over-the-counter medication in these cases. The vet can prescribe stronger medication or investigate other underlying issues.
Don’t delay in getting veterinary care when an ear infection is severe, chronic, or not responding to home remedies. The sooner the infection is properly diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome for your cat.
Prevention
There are several ways to help prevent ear infections in cats:
Regular cleaning is important. Gently wipe the outer ear with a cotton ball dampened with a veterinarian-approved ear cleaner once a week. This helps remove debris and wax that can trap moisture and bacteria. Be very gentle, never use Q-tips or insert anything into the ear canal.
Controlling parasites is recommended, as ear mites are a common cause of infection. Use a monthly topical flea and tick preventative, and get your vet’s advice on ear mite medication if needed. Treating all pets in the household is best to prevent re-infestation.
Limiting allergens can help some cats prone to infections. Keep the home clean, avoid scented litters and cleaning products, and use a HEPA air purifier if allergies are suspected. Your vet may recommend allergy testing and immunotherapy shots for chronic cases.
Also inspect ears regularly for signs of trouble, and follow up quickly if you notice odor, redness or discharge. Fast treatment can help prevent infections from worsening.