Typical Lifespan of Cats
The typical lifespan of domestic cats ranges from 12-18 years, with most cats living into their mid-late teens. According to the ASPCA, the average lifespan of an indoor cat is 15 years, while indoor/outdoor cats live an average of 13 years. Female cats tend to live longer than males by 1-2 years. With proper care, diet, exercise, veterinary care and a bit of luck, some cats live into their early 20s.
Factors like breed, environment, and health care can impact a cat’s longevity. In general, mixed breed domestic cats live longer than purebred cats. Indoor cats live longer as well, as they are not exposed to diseases, cars, predators, or other outdoor hazards. Providing excellent nutrition, keeping up with vaccines and preventative care, and addressing any health issues early on can help cats live a long and healthy life.
While the average cat lifespan peaks in the mid-late teens, some cats are considered geriatric by age 7. This means they require specialized care similar to that for elderly humans. With attentive care, even geriatric cats can live several more quality years.
When Cats are Considered Old
There is no definitive age when a cat is considered “old”, as different sources classify senior cats differently. However, most experts agree that senior cats are typically 7 years and older. Once a cat reaches 7 years of age, they are entering the later stage of their life and beginning to show signs of aging.
According to the American Association of Feline Practitioners Senior Care Guidelines, cats ages 11 years and older are classified as geriatric. The geriatric stage signifies that the cat has progressed well into old age and may require more specialized senior care and veterinary attention.
So in summary, senior cats are typically 7 years and older, while geriatric cats are typically 11 years and older.
Signs of Aging in Cats
As cats get older, there are some common signs of aging that cat owners may notice. Some of the most notable signs include:
Decreased activity levels – Older cats tend to sleep more and become less energetic. They may play, jump, and run around less. It’s common for senior cats to sleep up to 20 hours a day.
Vision or hearing loss – Cats can develop cloudy eyes, have difficulty seeing in dim light, or experience hearing loss as they age. This may cause disorientation or hesitancy in unfamiliar environments.
Weight loss or gain – Metabolism changes can cause weight fluctuations in senior cats. Lack of activity can lead to obesity, while illness may result in weight loss. Regular weighing at the vet helps monitor trends.
According to Papaya Pet, other signs of aging may include increased vocalization, changes in litter box habits, and changes in temperament or behavior. Catching health problems early helps maintain a cat’s quality of life. An annual checkup screens for common senior health issues like kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, arthritis, and cognitive dysfunction.
Health Concerns for Senior Cats
As cats age, they become more prone to certain health issues. Here are some of the most common health problems seen in senior cats:
Kidney Disease – Kidney disease is very common in older cats, with more than half of cats over 15 estimated to be affected to some degree. Kidney disease leads to a buildup of toxins in the blood and can cause symptoms like increased thirst/urination, weight loss, vomiting, and bad breath.
Hyperthyroidism – Hyperthyroidism, characterized by an overactive thyroid gland, affects around 10% of senior cats. It speeds up the metabolism, leading to weight loss despite a ravenous appetite. Other symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and hyperactivity.
Cancer – Cancer is a leading cause of death in older cats. Some common cancers seen in seniors include lymphoma, mammary gland tumors, and squamous cell carcinoma. Symptoms depend on the type and location of the cancer.
Arthritis – Degenerative joint disease causes stiffness, difficulty jumping, and pain. It results from cartilage breakdown in the joints. Arthritis often affects the elbows, hips, and knees.
Diabetes – Similar to humans, cats can develop diabetes in their senior years. The most common sign is increased thirst and urination. Left untreated, it can be fatal.
Dental Disease – By age 3, most cats have some degree of dental disease. It worsens with age and can cause tooth loss, mouth pain, and infections.
Heart Disease – Senior cats are prone to heart murmurs, weakened heart muscles, and high blood pressure. Symptoms may include coughing, fatigue, and hind limb weakness.
Cognitive Dysfunction – This decline in mental abilities causes disorientation, house soiling, anxiety, night waking, and behavior changes in senior cats.
Regular vet checkups and screening tests can help catch many age-related diseases early when they are most treatable. Knowing what to watch for helps provide timely care for senior cats.
Caring for an Older Cat
As cats age, some adjustments may be needed to support their changing needs. Here are some tips for caring for an older cat:
More frequent vet checkups. Senior cats should visit the vet every 6 months for a full checkup. This allows early detection and treatment of age-related conditions like kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, arthritis, and dental disease (https://www.petmd.com/cat/care/evr_ct_caring_for_older_cats_with_health_problems).
Adjustments to diet. An older cat’s metabolism changes, so they may need a senior diet with fewer calories, higher protein, and controlled phosphorus. Canned food can help cats prone to kidney disease stay hydrated. Avoid sudden diet changes and monitor eating habits.
Adjustments to litter box. Senior cats may need a lower-sided, larger litter box for easy access. Scatter boxes around the home for quick access. Keep litter clean and scent-free.
Keeping mind and body active. Engage older cats with play, brushing, and affection. Cat trees, toys, and treats stimulate their mind and body. Monitor their mobility and comfort.
Life Expectancy Factors
There are several key factors that impact a cat’s lifespan:
Breed – Some breeds like Siamese tend to live longer, with an average lifespan of 15-20 years. Bigger breeds like Maine Coons have shorter lifespans of 10-13 years on average.1
Indoor vs. Outdoor – Indoor cats typically live much longer than outdoor cats, as they are not exposed to diseases, car accidents, fights with other cats, etc. Indoor cats have an average lifespan of 15-20 years, while outdoor cats average 2-5 years.2
Spayed/Neutered – Cats that are fixed tend to live up to 62% longer than unaltered cats. Neutering eliminates the risks from pregnancy and decreases roaming/fighting behaviors.3
Overall Health – Cats fed a nutritious diet and kept up-to-date on vet visits for preventative care and illness treatment will live longer on average.
Enriching a Senior Cat’s Life
As cats age, it’s important to enrich their lives by adapting their environments, social interactions, and activities. Proper nutrition is key – speak with your vet about your senior cat’s dietary needs as their metabolism changes. Make sure food and water bowls are easily accessible. Consider feeding smaller, more frequent meals to aid digestion.
Environmental enrichment also helps senior cats. Place food puzzles, toys, scratching posts, and cozy beds in easily accessible areas. Bird feeders or baths outside windows provide mental stimulation. Let your cat enjoy a sunny spot for napping. Provide steps or ramps to help them access furniture if needed. Regular brushing maintains skin and coat health.
Maintain socialization for senior cats. Give pets, gentle massages, and affection. If possible, have a companion cat for social play and companionship. Supervise interactions if needed. Speaking soothingly also provides comfort. Limit major changes to their routine or environment.
With some adaptations and enrichment, senior cats can continue enjoying activity and quality of life. Consult your veterinarian if you notice signs of declining health impacting their enrichment.
When to Consider End-of-Life Care
As cats age, pet owners may start to consider end-of-life care. According to the ASPCA, there are a few signs that can indicate a cat is nearing the end of its life:
Severe chronic pain – If a cat is experiencing constant pain that cannot be managed well with medication, it may be time to consider euthanasia. Pain impacts quality of life dramatically. According to VCA Hospitals, adequate pain control, including the ability to breathe properly, is an absolute necessity for a good quality of life.
Loss of basic functions – When a cat loses the ability to eat, drink, urinate, defecate, or move around on its own, its quality of life is greatly diminished. These basic functions are essential for day-to-day living. As a cat declines in these areas, an owner may want to consult a vet about end-of-life options.
Poor quality of life – Evaluating a cat’s overall quality of life is complex. The VCA Hospitals recommends considering factors like happiness, ability to form social connections, mobility, hygiene, and interest in food, play or affection. If more days are bad than good, it may be time to make a decision. Focusing on quality of life versus quantity of life is recommended.
Saying Goodbye
When your cat’s quality of life declines to the point where they are suffering and can no longer experience the simple joys of life, it may be time to consider euthanasia. This is one of the hardest decisions a pet owner has to make, but also one of the greatest responsibilities we take on when we welcome an animal into our lives.
Many cat owners opt for in-home euthanasia so their pet can pass away in comfortable and familiar surroundings. Mobile vets will come to your home to perform the procedure. First, a sedative is administered to relax your cat. Once they are calm and peaceful, the euthanasia solution is injected intravenously. Within seconds, your cat will drift into a deep sleep from which they will not awaken. Many owners find it comforting to hold and pet their cat during the procedure.
After your cat has passed, you’ll need to decide on cremation or burial. Pet cemeteries provide burial services and some will even transport your pet’s body. If choosing cremation, you can opt to have your cat’s ashes returned in a special urn so they can remain close to you.
To honor your cat’s memory, you may want to create a memorial area with photos, their collar, favorite toys, and other mementos. Planting a tree or flowers in their name, making a donation to an animal charity, or volunteering at a local shelter can also help preserve their legacy.
Coping With Loss
The loss of a beloved cat can be extremely difficult. It’s important to allow yourself to grieve in whatever way feels natural to you. Some find comfort in crying frequently, while others need more time to process the emotions. Give yourself permission to express your grief without judgment.
Creating a memorial for your cat can also help provide closure. Ideas include assembling a photo album or framed collage of your favorite pictures, planting a tree or flowers in your cat’s honor, or holding a small memorial service. This gives you a special way to pay tribute to your pet’s memory.
When you feel ready, you may consider adopting a new cat. This can help fill the emptiness left behind. However, it’s crucial not to rush into this until you’ve sufficiently grieved and feel prepared to open your heart again. The new cat would be a companion, not a replacement, for the beloved pet you lost.
If your grief makes daily functioning difficult, counselors who specialize in pet loss can provide guidance. As noted in this article, “There is no shame in needing help getting through a difficult time.” Talk therapy can make an immense difference in healing.