Introduction
The FVRCP vaccine is an essential vaccine for cats that protects against three highly contagious and potentially deadly feline viruses: feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR), calicivirus (C), and panleukopenia (P). Commonly called the “distemper shot”, FVRCP helps prevent respiratory infections and deadly distemper in cats. It is considered a core vaccine by veterinary associations and is recommended for nearly all pet cats as well as rescue/shelter cats.[1]
Background on FVRCP
FVRCP stands for Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, and Panleukopenia and is one of the core vaccines given to cats (Bondvet). This combination vaccine protects against three common and potentially deadly feline viruses:
- Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) – caused by feline herpesvirus type 1
- Feline calicivirus (FCV)
- Feline panleukopenia (FPV) – caused by feline parvovirus
The FVRCP vaccine is typically given as a series of shots starting at 6-8 weeks of age, with boosters every 2-4 weeks until kittens are 16 weeks old (Wikipedia). Adult cats need FVRCP boosters 1-3 years depending on risk factors.
There are two main types of FVRCP vaccines:
- Modified live vaccines – contain weakened live virus
- Killed vaccines – contain inactivated virus
Both stimulate an immune response in cats to protect against future infection. Modified live vaccines provide faster protection but may not be suitable for some cats.
Is FVRCP Vaccine Safe?
Overall, the FVRCP vaccine is considered safe for cats with a low risk of adverse effects according to multiple studies. The FVRCP vaccine from major manufacturers has undergone rigorous safety testing and continues to be monitored. While mild reactions can occur, serious adverse events are very rare (less than 1 in 10,000 vaccinated cats according to manufacturer safety data).
Some cat owners have expressed concerns over thimerosal and aluminum-based preservatives used in the FVRCP vaccine. However, studies have not found any association between these preservatives and adverse effects in cats. The levels of these substances in the FVRCP vaccine are very low and deemed safe by major health organizations (e.g. WHO, FDA). Reputable manufacturers routinely test batches to ensure preservative levels remain within proven safety margins.
Possible Side Effects
The FVRCP vaccine is generally safe for cats. However, some cats may experience mild side effects. The most common side effects are local swelling and lethargy at the injection site, which are typically temporary (Advancedcarevet, 2022). These reactions are indications that the cat’s immune system is responding to the vaccine as expected (Summercreekvet).
More severe reactions are possible but much less common. These may include vomiting, diarrhea, hives, swelling of the face, and breathing difficulties (Summercreekvet). Such reactions require prompt veterinary attention. However, they do not mean the vaccine is unsafe overall. Out of the thousands of cats vaccinated annually, only a very small percentage experience these rare side effects (Advancedcarevet, 2022).
Talk to your veterinarian if you have any concerns about possible side effects. They can advise you on the risks versus benefits for your individual cat. With appropriate veterinary guidance, the FVRCP vaccine remains an important way to protect your cat’s health.
Risk of Not Vaccinating
Not vaccinating your cat carries risks. Cats who are not vaccinated against common feline viruses are susceptible to infection if exposed. Two of the most concerning viruses are feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1), which are prevented by the FVRCP vaccine.
FPV is highly contagious and often fatal, especially in unvaccinated kittens. The virus attacks the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow, leading to severe diarrhea, vomiting, and destruction of white blood cells [1]. Even cats who survive FPV infection can suffer long-term effects.
FHV-1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitis, an upper respiratory infection. Symptoms include sneezing, eye discharge, lethargy, loss of appetite, and fever [2]. The virus remains latent in the body, often leading to flare-ups during times of stress. Secondary bacterial infections are common and can become severe or even fatal.
Not vaccinating leaves cats vulnerable to potentially fatal viruses. However, indoor cats may have limited risk depending on their lifestyle and exposure. Discuss any concerns with your veterinarian.
Alternate Vaccine Schedules
Some veterinarians recommend alternate vaccine schedules that spread out vaccines over a longer period or reduce the frequency of vaccines given. According to the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) vaccination guidelines, after the kitten series and 1 year booster, core feline vaccines can potentially be administered every 3 years in low risk adult cats (https://www.vdrmontreal.com/government-files/vaccines-and-titers.pdf). Less frequent vaccine schedules aim to reduce the number of vaccines a cat receives over its lifetime while still providing immunity. Some pros of less frequent dosing include reducing vaccine reactions, costs, and vet visits for owners. Cons are a potentially increased disease risk if immunity wanes sooner than expected.
Another alternative is checking antibody levels through titer tests instead of automatically revaccinating. Titers measure the level of antibodies to a disease in the bloodstream. High antibody titers indicate likely immunity, while low titers indicate a greater susceptibility. Pros of titer testing are avoiding unnecessary vaccines in cats with sufficient immunity. Cons are the added cost of the titer test itself. Discussing alternate vaccine schedules and titer testing with your veterinarian can help determine the best approach for your individual cat based on lifestyle, risk factors, location, and more (https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/vaccines-for-cats).
Lifestyle Factors
The decision to vaccinate a cat with FVRCP depends on the cat’s lifestyle and environment[1]. Indoor cats with no risk of exposure to unvaccinated cats will have a lower risk and may not need annual vaccination. The AAHA guidelines state “Vaccination recommendations should be tailored to each cat and based on its lifestyle.[2]“
Outdoor cats or those with exposure to unvaccinated cats are at higher risk of contracting viruses and should follow the core vaccine schedule recommended by veterinarians. This includes annual FVRCP vaccination.
Cats with health conditions may require an adjusted vaccination schedule. Immunocompromised cats may not respond as effectively to vaccines. Discuss any pre-existing conditions with a veterinarian when deciding on a vaccination schedule.[3]
Safe Administration
Proper vaccine storage, handling, and administration are crucial to ensure safety and efficacy (Source: https://www.aspcapro.org/resource/vaccine-storage-handling-and-administration). Vaccines should be stored in the refrigerator between 35-45°F (2-8°C). Multi-dose vials should never be frozen. In terms of handling, vaccines should not be prepared in advance of administration and should be drawn up using sterile needles and syringes. The injection site should be clipped if needed and disinfected. Most feline vaccines are administered subcutaneously, typically in the subscapular region. Kittens may receive vaccines in the hind leg until 12-16 weeks of age.
After vaccination, cats should be monitored for potential hypersensitivity reactions for 30-60 minutes. Mild lethargy, fever, and soreness at the injection site are common expected side effects. More severe reactions like facial swelling, hives, or anaphylaxis warrant veterinary care. It’s important pet owners are educated on normal versus abnormal responses to monitor their cat appropriately after vaccination.
Talk to Your Vet
Consult with your veterinarian to determine the proper vaccination schedule and approach for your cat based on lifestyle factors and risk. According to Broad Street Vet, “While some combination of panleukopenia, rhinotracheitis, and calicivirus vaccination is recommended at least annually for all felines, your veterinarian may recommend more or less frequent vaccination for your pet based on risk assessment.”
The veterinarian will assess your cat’s risk based on whether they go outdoors or remain strictly indoors, if they have exposure to other cats, and their overall health. Indoor cats with no exposure to other cats may only need to get the FVRCP vaccine every 3 years according to some vets. However, the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommends annual boosters for the FVRCP vaccine.
If your cat has had reactions to vaccines in the past, your vet may be able to adjust the schedule, give smaller doses, or administer a different type of vaccine. Be sure to discuss any concerns about potential side effects. Your vet will be able to help determine the ideal approach to balance protection with your cat’s individual needs.
Conclusion
Based on the available evidence, the FVRCP vaccine is generally considered safe for most cats (Hartmann, 2022). While some side effects like lethargy or mild fever can occasionally occur, these are usually mild and transient. For the vast majority of cats, the benefits of vaccination in preventing dangerous illnesses caused by panleukopenia virus, rhinotracheitis virus, and calicivirus far outweigh the potential risks (Vaccination in General Practice, n.d.). Unless specifically contraindicated due to medical conditions like immunodeficiency, most veterinarians recommend following standard FVRCP vaccination protocols to protect cats’ health.
Ultimately, the decision to vaccinate involves weighing the lifestyle, environment, and individual health profile of each cat. Cat owners should have an open discussion with their veterinarian to determine the ideal FVRCP vaccination schedule for their pet. But for most household cats, staying up-to-date on core FVRCP shots is considered a safe and prudent measure to prevent infectious diseases (Hartmann, 2022).
