What Are Cat Pheromones?
Cat pheromones are chemical signals used by cats to communicate with each other. According to the Feliway website, “Pheromones are a type of chemical communication that all cats use to interact with each other and the world around them.” They are produced by glands in a cat’s cheeks, chin, forehead, lips, tail base, and between their front paws.
When cats deposit these pheromones by rubbing, scratching, and urine-marking, other cats detect them and receive information about the cat who left the scent. This helps regulate cat social behavior and relationships.
There are different types of cat pheromones used for different purposes:
- Facial pheromones – Provide information about a cat’s identity and social status
- Feline interdigital semiochemical – Marks territory and resources
- Felinine – Found in cat urine and signals sexual readiness
Overall, pheromones allow cats to convey a wealth of information silently through scent.
How Do Pheromone Diffusers Work?
Pheromone diffusers are designed to release synthetic pheromones that mimic the natural pheromones produced by cats (1). These pheromones are aimed at reducing stress, fear, and anxiety in cats by making them feel more relaxed and secure in their environment (2). There are different pheromone diffuser products on the market that plug into outlets and work by warming up the pheromone solution, allowing it to continuously evaporate into the air.
The diffused pheromones are meant to mimic the cat appeasing pheromones produced by cats when they feel safe and content. According to some studies, they can help alleviate stress-related behaviors and provide a sense of calm (1). The pheromones are undetectable to humans but provide a calming effect for cats when inhaled or absorbed through the cat’s vomeronasal organ.
Some popular cat pheromone diffuser brands include Feliway, Comfort Zone, and Pet Remedy. These diffusers are often marketed to help with anxiety, destructive behaviors, aggression, urine marking, and travel-related stress in cats when used consistently (2). However, efficacy can vary between individual cats.
Pros of Using a Pheromone Diffuser
There are several potential benefits to using a pheromone diffuser for cats:
May reduce inappropriate urination – Studies have shown that diffused pheromones can help reduce urine marking and spraying in up to 90% of cats. The pheromones have a calming effect which curbs these unwanted behaviors. One study found a significant reduction in house soiling incidents after using a pheromone diffuser.
Can reduce anxiety and stress – Pheromone diffusers release chemicals that replicate cat appeasing pheromones. This helps create a comforting environment for anxious or stressed cats. Diffusers can be particularly helpful during events that cause anxiety like a new pet, construction, or moving homes.
Help adjust to changes – Whether it’s a new home, new family member, or new routine, pheromone diffusers can ease the transition process for cats. The pheromones promote relaxation and reduce reactivity to changes in their environment.
Cons of Using a Pheromone Diffuser
While pheromone diffusers can be an effective way to help calm cats in some situations, there are some potential downsides to be aware of:
Some cats may not respond to synthetic pheromones. According to PetMD, pheromones don’t work for every cat. Some cats may not experience calming effects from the diffusers.[1]
The calming effects can wear off over time. As cats become accustomed to the pheromone diffusion over weeks or months, the calming effects may diminish. The diffusers need to be replaced regularly to maintain efficacy.[2]
Diffusers require ongoing purchases. To maintain the calming effects, new diffusers need to be purchased and replaced every 30-60 days according to most brands. This can become costly over time.[3]
How to Use a Pheromone Diffuser
Using a pheromone diffuser properly is important to get the full benefits. Here are some tips:
Proper Placement: The diffuser should be placed in an area the cat frequents like a living room or bedroom, about head height for a cat. Avoid placing it behind furniture or too close to an air vent which can disperse the pheromones.
Maximizing Effectiveness: Plug in the diffuser and make sure the vents are facing up to disperse the pheromones properly. Keep it plugged in continuously, refilling monthly. Using the diffuser consistently is key to see results over 2-3 weeks. Combining with the Feliway spray can boost effectiveness.
Troubleshooting: Check the diffuser light periodically to ensure it’s working. If not, try unplugging and replugging or using a different outlet. Make sure to use the refills designed for your diffuser model. If no improvement after 1 month, consider trying a different spot or combining with other calming options.
Always read the product instructions thoroughly. Proper use of the pheromone diffuser is important to promote a calmer environment. Be patient and consistent, as effects build up over time.
Scientific Evidence on Efficacy
Several studies have investigated the efficacy of cat pheromone diffusers in reducing stress and anxiety in cats. A 2019 study published in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery evaluated a cat-appeasing pheromone diffuser in managing aggression between housemate cats in multi-cat households. The study found the pheromone diffuser showed a beneficial effect in reducing aggression after 4 weeks of use (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1098612X18774437).
Another study published in Physiology & Behavior in 2007 examined the effects of a synthetic pheromone diffuser on kittens during adaptation to a new environment. The study found the pheromone helped reduce vocalizing and restlessness during the first few days in a new home (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938407003290).
While early research shows promising results, most studies on cat pheromone diffusers have been small pilot studies. More extensive, randomized controlled trials are still needed to fully validate the efficacy of pheromones in cats. Many studies also rely on owner perception of behavior changes, which can be subjective. Bias could also be introduced with commercial funding of some studies. Overall, there are notable limitations in the existing body of research.
Potential Risks and Side Effects
Cat pheromone diffusers are generally considered safe when used according to the manufacturer’s instructions (1). However, there are some minimal risks to be aware of:
For humans, direct and prolonged exposure to concentrated pheromone diffusers may cause mild headaches or nausea in sensitive individuals. It’s recommended to avoid directly inhaling the diffuser and to place it in an open, ventilated area (1).
For other pets, pheromones formulated for cats can sometimes cause mild agitation in dogs. It’s best to monitor your dog’s behavior and move the diffuser if any anxiety develops (2).
For cats, improper use like directly spraying a cat’s face can cause irritation. Always follow directions and never spray pheromones directly on your cat (3).
In rare cases, some cats may show signs of increased anxiety or stress. Discontinue use if any abnormal behavior develops (1).
Overall, pheromone diffusers are well-tolerated with minimal risks when used as directed. Monitor your pet’s behavior and discontinue use if any concerning symptoms appear.
(1) https://molekule.com/blogs/all/do-cat-pheromone-diffusers-actually-work
(2) https://www.rover.com/blog/cat-calming-pheromones/
(3) https://www.reddit.com/r/CatAdvice/comments/o3b56i/are_cat_calming_diffuser_safe_which_one_should_i/
Cost of Pheromone Diffusers
Pheromone diffusers can range in upfront cost from $15 to $40 depending on the brand and model. Some popular options include the Feliway Classic, which costs around $23, and the Comfort Zone Calming Diffuser, which costs around $25.
In addition to the upfront cost, ongoing costs for refills and replacement diffuser units need to be factored in. Refills typically cost $15-25 and last around 30 days. So the ongoing monthly cost can be estimated around $20 per month.
Some ways to save on costs include buying in bulk when there are sales and discounts. Also using the diffuser intermittently, such as during high stress times, can help reduce the frequency of needing refills.
When to Consider Other Options
There are some situations when cat pheromone diffusers may not be the best solution and other options should be considered:
If your cat is experiencing severe anxiety or inappropriate urination, a pheromone diffuser alone may not resolve the problem. Severe anxiety can stem from a variety of factors like a new pet, baby, or move. Inappropriate urination can signal an underlying medical issue like a urinary tract infection. In these cases, you may need to use the diffuser in combination with other therapies like medication prescribed by your veterinarian. Getting to the root cause with a vet’s help is important.
Pheromone diffusers mainly target anxiety and stress. If your cat has additional behavior issues like aggression or destructive scratching, a diffuser is unlikely to fully correct the behavior. Other training, environmental changes, calming supplements, or prescription medication should be considered alongside the diffuser to holistically address the problems.
Overall, while pheromone diffusers can be an excellent first line of defense for mild to moderate anxiety or stress, they may not be enough on their own for severe cases or when dealing with complex behavioral issues. Discuss your individual situation with your veterinarian to determine if other treatment options are recommended in addition to a pheromone diffuser.
Conclusion and Summary
In summary, pheromone diffusers can be an effective tool for reducing stress and anxiety in cats, but they do have some drawbacks. On the pro side, diffusers are easy to use, have no known major side effects, and research shows they can help calm cats in challenging situations. However, they can be expensive, may not work for all cats, need to be replaced frequently, and could potentially cause irritation or allergies in rare cases.
Overall, pheromone diffusers are generally considered safe and beneficial for cat owners struggling with behaviors like inappropriate urination, aggression, or stress. They work best alongside other calming techniques and veterinary advice. While not guaranteed to solve all behavior issues, they provide an additional way to help create a more peaceful environment.
If your cat is anxious or stressed, a pheromone diffuser may be worth trying for a month or two to see if it provides any improvement. However, you’ll want to manage expectations, monitor your cat closely, and be prepared to try other approaches if you don’t see the desired effects. Talk to your veterinarian to determine if a pheromone diffuser is recommended for your individual cat’s situation.