Introduction
Catnip is an herb in the mint family that has a profound effect on cats. When cats smell or ingest catnip, it produces a euphoric response and heightened stimulation. This reaction to catnip varies between cats – some become hyperactive and playful, while others become calm and relaxed. However, most cats show some type of response to the active compounds in catnip. But why does this ordinary plant send cats into such a frenzy? The stimulating effects of catnip on cats has been well-documented, but the reasons behind its strange influence on feline behavior remains less understood. This article will explore what happens when cats encounter catnip and examine the theories behind why catnip affects cats in this unusual way.
What is Catnip?
Catnip—also known by its scientific name Nepeta cataria—is a perennial herb that is a member of the mint family. It is native to parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The catnip plant grows to about 3 feet tall and has grayish-green leaves with scalloped edges and small clusters of lavender or white flowers that bloom from mid to late summer (source).
The active chemical compounds in catnip that cause a reaction in cats are called nepetalactones. There are two types of nepetalactones that have been identified: E,Z-nepetalactone and Z,E-nepetalactone. These compounds are produced in the leaves and stems of the catnip plant (source). Nepetalactones mimic feline pheromones and bind to receptors in a cat’s nose, which causes the intoxicating effects.
Catnip is native to temperate regions of Europe and Asia but now grows wild in many parts of North America. It thrives in soil with good drainage and full sun exposure. The plant is relatively easy to grow in backyard gardens, making fresh catnip readily available for cats (source).
Normal Cat Behavior
Cats exhibit a range of normal behaviors when they are relaxed versus when they are feeling playful. A relaxed cat will often lounge around napping, grooming itself, or observing its surroundings quietly with its ears forward and tail wrapped around itself or extended out behind it (The Definitive Guide to Cat Behavior and Body Language). They may also rub up against owners or furniture and knead or “make biscuits” as a gesture of contentment ( Cat Body Language: 34 Ways Your Cat Is Communicating).
When feeling energetic or playful, cats will exhibit more active behaviors like chasing toys or shadows, pouncing, leaping, and running around. They may playfully stalk or pounce on owners as well. Their ears may turn partially back and their pupils will be more dilated during play (Cat Body Language | Cat Behaviour Help & Advice). Common cat mannerisms include bunting or head butting owners as a sign of affection, kneading or treading with their paws when settled in a favorite spot, and grooming themselves or owners.
Catnip Reaction
When cats smell catnip, they tend to exhibit an excitable reaction and behavior that some might describe as “crazy.” This is because catnip contains an oil called nepetalactone that binds to olfactory receptors in a cat’s nose. This interaction triggers a response in the brain that makes cats suddenly energetic, playful, and even vocal.
Typically, a cat exposed to catnip will sniff at it intensely, then start rolling around, pawing at the air, rubbing against things, and leaping about in a frenetic manner. They may playfully attack the catnip toy or plant as if it were prey. This reaction to catnip usually lasts between 5-15 minutes before the cat loses interest.
Some signs of a cat having a catnip reaction include dilated pupils, drooling, twitching tail, chin and cheek rubbing, excited meows and purring. The catnip seems to produce a temporary euphoric state for cats.
While the frenzied catnip response may seem odd, it’s mostly harmless fun for the cat. However, kittens under 3 months old typically do not react to catnip.
The specific reason why catnip elicits this energetic reaction in cats is not fully proven, but likely involves mimicking feline pheromones and stimulating neurological receptors related to pleasure and reward (Source: https://petfaq.net/catnip-and-cats-harmful-effects/).
Why Catnip Causes This Reaction
There are a few theories as to why catnip causes excitable behavior in cats. The most commonly accepted theory is that catnip contains an oil called nepetalactone that binds to receptors in a cat’s nose and stimulates a response in the brain (Pet Side). This oil causes the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, inducing a euphoric sensation (Fortier).
Research shows that when cats smell or ingest catnip, it activates areas of the brain associated with reward and pleasure (Sheba). A study found that nepetalactone binds to receptors that trigger activity in the amygdala and hypothalamus, causing an excitable response (Pet Side). The euphoria from catnip typically lasts for 5-15 minutes before wearing off.
While catnip does produce a “high” in cats, it is gentle and harmless. The reaction is temporary and doesn’t cause long-term effects on feline health or personality (Sheba). More research is still needed to fully understand how catnip triggers specific responses in the feline brain.
Catnip and the Feline Brain
Catnip contains a chemical called nepetalactone that triggers a response when inhaled by around 50-70% of cats (1). Nepetalactone binds to receptors in a cat’s vomeronasal organ, which then sends signals to the amygdala region of the brain, causing excitation (2).
This reaction is similar to how other mind-altering substances like marijuana affect mammalian brains. The chemical compounds in these substances mimic certain neurotransmitters, binding to their receptors and influencing behavior (1). Like humans who use recreational drugs, cats exposed to catnip experience a short-lived “high” including playful and excitable behaviors. The effects wear off within 5-15 minutes as nepetalactone is metabolized and leaves the cat’s system (2).
(1) https://icanhas.cheezburger.com/tag/catnip/page/2
(2) https://www.facebook.com/amccbugs/
Not All Cats React
While catnip elicits a strong reaction in many cats, not all cats are affected by it. According to research, approximately 70-80% of cats exhibit a response to catnip. The remaining 20-30% seem to be immune to its effects.
The susceptibility to catnip is an inherited genetic trait. Kittens younger than 6-8 weeks old typically show no interest in catnip. The genes responsible for the catnip reaction do not activate until a kitten reaches sexual maturity.
Some breeds like Bengals and Abyssinians are believed to have a stronger reaction to catnip, while breeds like Burmese have a weaker reaction. However, catnip sensitivity can vary even within a breed.
The reason for the lack of response in some cats is still not fully understood. It’s possible there are variations in cats’ olfactory receptors or differences in how their brains process the nepetalactone compound. More research is needed on the genetics behind catnip sensitivity.
While not all cats react to catnip, those that do experience a dramatic response. Their reaction to this minty herb remains one of the most intriguing and amusing aspects of feline behavior.
Other Catnip Uses
Besides exciting cats, catnip has other uses for both felines and humans. Catnip can be used to make cat toys that many cats enjoy playing with for hours on end. The scent attracts felines and induces playful behavior. Catnip toys like balls or mice filled with dried catnip are common cat training tools. The toys provide positive reinforcement and stimulation.
Catnip essential oil can also be used as a cat deterrent spray. Spraying it on furniture or other off-limit areas teaches cats to avoid those places. The strong scent repels cats without harming them.
For humans, catnip has traditional uses as a herbal medicine for conditions like insomnia, anxiety, headaches and toothaches, among others. It acts as a relaxant and sedative. Some people use catnip tea to relieve cold symptoms. Modern research is investigating catnip’s potential medicinal benefits.
Safety and Risks
While catnip is generally considered safe for cats to use, there are some potential risks and safety considerations to be aware of:
Overindulgence in catnip can cause vomiting or diarrhea in some cats. It’s recommended to limit catnip use to no more than 1-2 times per week. Giving your cat only a small pinch or sprinkling at a time can help prevent overuse (Source: https://garvillo.com/crown-of-thorns-plant-care/).
Catnip should always be kept out of reach of dogs and other pets, as it can cause adverse reactions in animals besides cats. Make sure you do not let your dog ingest catnip in any form (Source: https://garvillo.com/straw-as-a-mulch/).
When giving your cat catnip, supervise their use to ensure they don’t eat the raw plant material, which can potentially cause gastrointestinal upset. Only provide dried, crushed, or toy forms to minimize this risk.
Do not apply essential oils like catnip oil directly to your cat’s skin or fur. Oils can cause skin irritation. Always dilute and mix with water before spraying on toys or bedding.
Kittens under 6 months old typically do not respond to catnip, so it’s not necessary to give it to very young cats. Wait until your kitten is older before introducing catnip.
Store catnip in an airtight container out of sunlight to preserve its aromatic volatile oils, which are responsible for its effects on cats. Discard old, dried out catnip as it loses potency over time.
Conclusion
In summary, catnip contains an oil called nepetalactone that binds to receptors in a cat’s olfactory system and triggers a response similar to a feline pheromone. This causes most cats to exhibit unusual behaviors like head shaking, rolling, and bunny kicks. The reaction is harmless and temporary, giving cats a safe outlet for natural instincts and energy.
While the catnip response may seem silly, it provides insight into the unique senses and biology of felines. Not only is it an amusing reaction to observe, but catnip can also be used as a safe and effective way to provide enrichment, exercise, and stress relief for domestic cats. Ultimately, the catnip reaction is a quirky and fascinating example of the complex ways cats experience and interact with their environments.